Laying a boarder with concrete cap stones - PART 2



In the past I have used old 2 x 4 and even logs to create borders which have proved effective in all practical aspects of having border (definition, anti-encroachment and protection) the only problem has been that in general they are not particularly aesthetically pleasing unless you get some decent pieces of wood or logs. 







Old Poumuli tree trunk being used to mark border of an area to planted with Ti Plants and Egyptian Start Clusters (parallel to the Rain Lily flower bed)

The other material that I have used to some measure which has been effective although not as attractive as I would like has been old tires. Although in this case tires were not an option either.

Scrapping out of Navua Sedge, Kyllinga polphylla rhizomes and other grasses in order to extend the Pink Rain Lily Zeperanthes rosea flower bed. The aluminium sheet in the foreground was used to kill off grass underneath.

Fortunately after a visit to Apia Concrete Products I decided to try out concrete cap stones. Although use as flower borders is definitely not their intended use I found that they were perfect. They were just wide enough to create a nice wide but not too wide border and low enough to not overshadow the plants. At $1.90 Tala a piece they were reasonable although given how big the flower bed was I did end up spending a bit on them. Over several months ACP staff got used to me turning up to procure 10 or 20 cap stones at a time which was all I could fit in the back of the Terius.


Pebble inspecting laying of concrete cap stones

 I started by laying out one edge, then the long outer boarder. I did not have an equipment to make the corners etc so I just used a board, laying it inside the bed and laying the cap stones outside. Then I used that same board to make sure I had a straight edge.

Use of board to lay concrete cap stones (I know cord and pegs would have been better)

I alternated between laying the boarder and digging out the lawn infested with Kyllinga polphylla and Kyllinga nemoralis as well as pulling up clumps of Rain Lilies to separate and replant, although I also had hundreds of seedlings from seeds I had collected and planted earlier in the year.

 .

Pebble inspecting works

Pebble inspecting works

 It was slow tedious work and I was working on other projects, garden and other so it took forever but little by little the border and bed took shape.

Newly laid border with extended bed planted

 I also had constant help from my furry assistants whose enthusiastic contributions ranged from closely supervising me, checking to see if the boarder was properly laid and even assisting with the planting by quickly fertilising the upturned soil before I planted the bulbs, a practice which resulted in much washing of hands with bleach and offended looks from the kittens when I complained and begged them to at least wait until I had planted the bulbs before they made their contributions.

Third corner added

  I had planned on getting some sand and relaying the concrete cap stones on it but due to time constraints and difficulties in getting the sand I ended up not doing this although ideally that would have been the best thing to do as I ended up with about 3 broken concrete cap stones due to small unnoticed bumps or in one case a small pebble which were harmless as they were until someone heavier than my feline assistants walked on and the weight of that against the hard packed earth was too much.

Pebble's assistant Puppywuppy inspects the corners

Additional Information:

Binomial Name: Zepheranthes rosea

Taxonomy: Phylum: Angiosperms – Class:  Monocots – Order: Asparagales – Family: Amaryllidaceae – Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae  –  Tribe : Hippeastrea   – Subtribe: Zephranthinae  – Genus: Zepheranthes – Species: Z. Rosea

Common names: Zepheranthes, Fairy Lily, Rainflower, Rain Lily, Zeypher Lily, Magic Lily, Atamasco Lily (English) kili’o’opu (Hawaiian) mo’u’upo’o (Tahitian)

Binomial Name: Kyllinga polphylla

Taxonomy: Phylum: Angiosperms – Class: Monocots – Subclass: Commelids – Order: Poales – Family: Cyperacea– Genus: Kyllinga – Species: K. Polyphylla

Common names: Navua sedge(English)

Binomial Name: Kyllinga nemoralis

Taxonomy: Phylum: Angiosperms – Class: Monocots – Clade: Commelids – Order: Poales – Family: Cyperacea– Genus: Kyllinga – Species: K. Polyphylla

Common names: ??? (English) kili’o’opu (Hawaiian) mo’u’upo’o (Tahitian)

Flora and Fauna - Plants and Critters Blog by Vincent Albert Vermeulen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Based on a work at http://plantsandcritters.blogspot.be/.

Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://plantsandcritters.blogspot.be/.

My other blogs

· Flora and Fauna - Plants and Critters (on plants, animals as well as gardening, conservation and environmental matters): http://plantsandcritters.blogspot.com/

· The Blood of Souls (language, translation and etymology) : http://thebloodofsouls.blogspot.com/

· Whiskers on Kittens (Life with Kittens and Cats in general) : http://whiskersonkittens-vincent.blogspot.com/

 
 

Intriguing Plants – Weeds and Flowers

Intriguing Plants – Weeds and Flowers

Our front and back lawn at Alafua is a jungle with some rather obnoxious grasses which at the same time have their own beauty.

PHOTO of Kyllinga polyphylla

Kyllinga polyphylla or Navua sedge belongs to Cyperaceae (Sedge Family) and is native to tropical Africa. It spreads via underground rhizhomes and is considered a pest in cattle pastures because cattle do not eat them and they displace other grasses that cattle do eat.

PHOTO of Kyllinga polyphylla

Their subglobous flower-heads do look interesting, especially with the leaf-like bracts radiating out and could possibly be used in flower arrangements by the more daring. However, in a lawn they are tedious to eradicate since you basically need to dig the rhizomes out (unless you are into herbicide which I am not all that fond of). Alternatively you could go for the long slow death of covering the affected spots with something like black plastic, old roofing iron or anything that  will ensure that the spot gets no sunlight and the plants die out.

PHOTO of Kyllinga polyphylla with Spathoglottis plicata

Trust me digging them out is the fastest and surest method barring herbicides of course but without the hassle of dealing with herbicides and the potential problems / dangers of handling, using let alone storing them not to mention having to get a permit to buy, store and use them. (See below for additional information on this). And on top of that there are the potential rather unpleasant side effects of using pesticides like paraquat. I have included a few links below to recent medical studies on this for those who may be interested in reading more.

PHOTO of Kyllinga polyphylla

At the moment we have a huge problem with this grass at Alafua as the back lawn is 75-80% covered in it while a large section of the front lawn 45-50% is also covered with it.

I dug a whole bunch of them out of the bed of Zepheranthes rosea (Pink Rain lilies) a while ago. Now I am trying to decide how to deal with them. As interesting as the flowers do look especially with macro photography they really ruin the lawn turning it into a thick jungle ... which admittedly the kittens absolutely love prowling and prancing and bounding through like a bunch of psychotic miniature Sabre toothed tigers high on cat nip.

Maybe I can arrange for an area to be kept for them to practice their stalking and hunting skills in.

PHOTO of Kyllinga nemoralis

Here is Kyllinga nemoralis a close relative to Kyllinga polyphylla as you can see. It is known as kili’o’opu in Hawaii and mo’u’upo’o in Tahiti. I have not found any other common names.

PHOTO of Cyperus rotondus

Text  Cyperus rotondus also belonging to Cyperaceae (or Sedge Family). It is known as nut sedge (English); kili’o’opu (Hawaiian); mumuta (Samoan) and pakopako (Tongan). I cannot see anyone including it in a flower arrangement even though the flowers do look interesting in a Macro photograph.

PHOTO of Oxalis corniculata

I posted a macro photo of this before in which I referred to it as clover whereas in fact it is actually Oxalis corniculata or wood sorrel (English); ‘ihi’ai (Hawaiian); kihikihi (Tongan). It belongs to Family Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel Family).

An interesting fact about this plant is that according to Whistler (1994) it is used in traditional Polynesian medicine to treat infants however he does not specify what aliments it is used for. I assume he covers that in his book on traditional medicines (which I do not have).

PHOTO of Oxalis corniculata
Interestingly the species in the Oxalis Genus are often refered to as “False Shamrocks” so my mistaking it for clover is not that grave an error since apparently many people do that too. Still I a kind of disappointed that it is NOT clover.

PHOTO of purple variety (To Be Added)

Here is another plant which I also thought was a type of clover and now think might be a species in the Oxalis genus. I am not sure if it might be Oxalis corniculata or not. I have a feeling that it is not. It is not shown in Whistler’s “Wayside Plants of the Islands” which I found surprising since it is pretty authoritative. Maybe it is one he missed or a new introduction since he compiled it.

PHOTO of vineta

This little beauty is no doubt familiar to those who grew up in the islands and used to collect and eat the tiny bitter fruit we called vineta / vigeka (perhaps from vinegar due to the bitter vinegar taste?). Yes we used to eat all sorts of weird things as children. From picking certain hibiscus flowers and sucking the nectar out to driving the adults mad by picking the half ripe mangos and then eating them with salt or salt and curry powder. I still do not understand why THEY did not just do the same since I still occasionally will eat a mango like that.

In any case the flowers although miniscule look quite enchanting with the aid of Macro photography.

PHOTO of vineta

I have not yet tracked down what it's binomial (scientific) name is or what it's other vernacular names are.

Taxonomy

Family Cyperaceae

Genus Kyllinga

Kyllinga polyphylla or Navua sedge belongs to Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)

Kyllinga nemoralis a

Genus Cyperus
Cyperus rotondus also

Family Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata wood sorrel Family Oxalidaceae

 Paraquat (dipyridylium)

Yes you need a permit to buy herbicides here in Samoa. I’m not sure if this applies to all of herbicides and pesticides of just the herbicides like Paraquat. The primary reason for this is to restrict access to paraquat by potential suicide vicitims.

Death by Paraquat poisoning was for a long time one of the most common methods of suicide in Samoa. The Health department tried for many years to have to banned but due to its widespread use and efficacy as a weed killer this was resisted. In fact efforts to ban or restrict access and use was on an international level due to its use as a suicide agent among developing nations.

There were several reasons for this. First of all it is highly toxic (1 teaspoon being leathal), 2. There is no antidote 3. It is easily available and 4. It is relatively cheap. One of the worst things about paraquat poisoning is that it is a slow and horribly painful death. It was also a common method used to poison dogs by thieves targeting neighbourhoods.

Eventually government decided to control its use. Now to be able to buy paraquat (if I recall correctly) you need a permit which also requires you to have a safe place in which to keep it locked up. Inspections are made to verify that you are actually keeping it locked up and I think that there are even penalties if anyone uses paraquat in your control to commit suicide.

According to statistics gathered so far the regulations have had an impact in reducing suicides overall. However, it is still the primary cause of death by suicide and after an initial drop.

However, perhaps people may start to reconsider using paraquat once they hear about several studies over the last few years which show a clear link between paraquat and Parkinson's disease. The worst part of this being that it is not just users who have a higher (3x) chance of getting Parkinsons but anyone who has lived or worked in areas where paraquat has been used.

Here are some additional resources on this topic for those interested.

http://www.pan-germany.org/download/fact_paraquat2.pdf

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110214115442.htm

 

Flora and Fauna - Plants and Critters Blog by Vincent Albert Vermeulen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

Based on a work at http://plantsandcritters.blogspot.be/.

Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://plantsandcritters.blogspot.be/.

Additional information:

As I said I will be posting the photographs of the statues on another blog which will cover “A blog about art, sculpture, food, history, culture, literature among other things. Basically this blog will be a catch all for other topics that I cannot logically cover in my existing blogs:

·         Flora and Fauna - Plants and Critters (on plants, animals as well as gardening, conservation and environmental matters)

·         The Blood of  Souls (language, translation and etymology)

·         Whiskers on Kittens (Life with Kittens and Cats in general)

References

Whistler, W. Arthur, “Wayside Plants of the Islands. A Guide to the Lowland Flora of the Pacific Islands including Hawai’i Samoa Tonga Tahiti Fiji Guam Belau”, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, 1995.

ISBN 0-9645426-0-9