Flora and Fauna - Plants and Critters

Thursday, 16 May 2013

Mystery Plant- Chrysothemis pulchella

Mystery Plant- Chrysothemis pulchella

Chrysothemis pulchella

Well one of the Mystery Plant has been identified by Susan Philipsand Shaini Philips who recognised it and identified it as Chrysothemis pulchella which is commonly known as Copper leaf as well as by the names Sunset Bells, Black Flamingo, and Chrysothemis.

Chrysothemis pulchella

Susan and Shaini recognised it from their home gardens in Samoa.

Chrysothemis pulchella

Chrysothemis pulchella is a tender tropical plant belonging to the Chrysothemis Genus which includes six (6) species of which Chrysothemis pulchella is the most widely spread with the greatest variety. I have not come across any other cultivars yet but will keep my eye open.

Incidentally the Chrysothemis Genus is part of the Family: Gesneriaceae. This is the same family to which belongs the much more widely known Saintpaulia which is better known by its common name African Violet. Another familiar genus is that of Episcia otherwise known as Flame Violets.

Episcia (2 varieties)
At the moment I have two species neither of which I am certain of their actual species names. Of the plants I have one variety has green leaves with greyish-white markings along the veins while the other has darker almost burgandy leaves which in sunlight have pale green markings and Pink Flowers.

Episcia (unkown species)

The actual flower of Chrysothemis pulchella is bright yellow and does not last long. The bright orange calyx which people mistake for the flower are much longer lasting for which I am thankful for.

Yellow Chrystothemis pulchella flower (top) and withered flower (below)

Various sources as usual give a lot of details on how to grow it in temperate climates. But I have not been able to find much on growing it in the tropics which is a problem I have found when looking for information on growing tropical plants in the tropics.

Chrysothemis pulchella

Although it may seem unnecessary to provide information for growing tropical plants in the tropics such a view ignores the fact that although the plants may indeed be in a suitable climate it is important to know the sun/shade preferences not to mention, soil composition and water needs. Then of course there is vital information about propagation methods and dealing with pests and diseases which in the tropics are often numerous and without the winter killing off period that temperate climates have.

Chrysothemis pulchella

In any case there is a plethora of documents, books, articles and on line information for growing not only tropical plants in temperate climates but plants from temperate zones in temperate zones so the paucity of information and resources for tropical horticulturalists is frustrating. That is one reason why I have been trying to compile some of this data from various sources. Fortunately I find that there are some Australian and New Zealand sources that provide information on growing tropical plants in the tropics.

Chrysothemis pulchella found growing at Tamumalala (Upolu, Samoa) on moss covered concrete wall.

Etymology

The etymology of Chrysothemis pulchella is Greco Roman. The genus is named after Chrysothemis of Greek mythology, the daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon while the species ‘pulchella’ comes from the Latin for pretty/beautiful.

Propagating Chrysothemis pulchella

Propagating Chrysothemis pulchella can be done when shoots appear where the flower bracts were (at the joint between the stalk and the leaf). I have successfully rooted several cuttings using this method which while slow is reasonable successful.

Chrysothemis pulchella shoots emerging a base of leaves.

I have done this with shoots that range between two (2) to five (5) inches. I just snip them off at the base and stick them in growing medium. I have equal success with river silt, soil and river sand.

Large Chrysothemis pulchella shoot growing at base of leaf

I prefer river silt and sand because they retain moisture without becoming waterlogged and if you over water the excess drains out quickly whereas with soil you need to be more careful to not over water or under water during the critical rooting stage. That is just my experience. Sometimes you can get lucky and have new shoots appear where you removed a shoot although I am not sure how normal this is.

Chrysothemis pulchella

I have not found any other method of propagating them although I suspect that they may seed although I have not seen any seeds. In the wild I have noted that they tend to grow on moss covered rock and do not have an extensive root system. I have been debating very carefully up rooting one of my long established plants to examine the root system. However, as I had some young plants in my nursery that had been attacked by some pest (probably a slug since I have noticed the African Snails avoid it), I decided to look at one of those.

Chrysothemis pulchella roots and rhizome

Above you can see the poor plant whose soft stem was practically eatten though. Note the dense bulb of root mass.

Chrysothemis pulchella roots and rhizome

Above you can see a close up of that root mass which even after washing it out was still not enough to be able to distinguish much. So I stripped away the fine stringlike roots and ...

Chrysothemis pulchella roots and rhizome

Just as described in various sources ... there was a rhizome!

Chrysothemis pulchella roots and rhizome with plantlet emerging from rhizome

On closer inspection I noticed a small plantlet forming at the base. According to some sources the plant's stem and foliage can wither and disappear during periods of drought but new shoots will emerge from the rhizome. Since the foliage and stem of this plant had been practically consumed by whatever has attacked it, the formation of the tiny plantlet illustrated this development/ability.

Pebble of the Ninja Cat Clan inspecting Chrysothemis pulchella rhizome

Then as always ny nosey assistants came in to inspect the rhizome for themselves (helpfully putting paw marks all over the clean sheet of drawing paper I had sacrificed in orfer to have a clean white background for these photos.

Ninja Cat Clan Kittens; Pebble (left) and Stoney (Right) Inspect Chrysothemis pulchella rhizome

First Pebble came and stuck his nose where it did not belong. Then Stoney came to see what all the fuss was about and finally Rocky turned up and proceeded to garb it and try to kill it, so I put a stop to their fun and games because I wanted to plant it and hopefully save it.

Rocky of the Ninja Cat Clan joins inspection of Chrysothemis pulchella rhizome

Then Serendipity struck as I decided to take some more photos of the Chrysothemis pulchellas I had in some pots on a shelf. I took some flower shots and then as I moved the pots to get them into the sunlight I suddenly noticed something that none of the sources I had consulted mentioned and for which I had not seen an pictures of.

Chrysothemis pulchella with rhizomes beneath plantlets growing on stem

As you can see in the photo above and the ones below, the shoots that have formed at the base of the leaves where they meet the stem have formed little balls which obviously are the rhizomes.

Chrysothemis pulchella with rhizomes beneath plantlets growing on stem

I had not noticed this before due to where the plants were situated and how they drapped over the pots on the sunny side.

Chrysothemis pulchella with rhizomes beneath plantlets growing on stem

In this one above you can see small nodules that look like little plantlets or perhaps roots developing.

Chrysothemis pulchella with rhizomes beneath plantlets growing on stem

Here is a nice close up of one of the nicest, biggest rhizomes with a plantlet growing out of it. I am not sure why the earlier shoots grew rather long and big but had no rhizomes and now I have all these rhizomes appearing.

Chrysothemis pulchella and Ferns

Perhaps the plants are older or perhaps they are under stress being in direct sun for a reasonable period of time and the plants are trying to ensure that they will be able to propagate and survive. Certainly a plantlet with a big rhizome would have a higher chance of surviving than a stem alone.
Although the plantlet cuttings did all grow they struggled a bit and I needed to move them to a shaded spot so they did not dry out.

Chrysothemis pulchella

If anyone has an explanation I would be fascinated to hear it. In anycase like they say you learn something new everyday and well if you keep your eyes open you will see thing that are right infront of you but that most people never notice.

Acknowledgements

Susan Philips: Identification of Chrysothemis pulchella

Shaini Philips: Identification of Chrysothemis pulchella

Additional Information:

Binomial Name: Chrysothemis pulchella

Common names: Copper leaf, Sun's Bells, Black Flamingo, Chrysothemis

Binomial Name: Episcia UNKNOWN

Common names: Flame Violet (English) Name (Language)

Binomial Name: Saintpaulia UNKNOWN

Common names: African Violet (English) violette africaine, voilette du Cap (French) violeta africana (Spanish)

Taxonomy

Family: Gensneriaceae - Genus: Chrysothemis - Species: Chrysothemis pulchella
Family: Gesneriaceae - Genus: Saintpaulia
Family: Gesneriaceae - Genus: Episcia

References:

How to Know and Grow Gesneriaceaes, The Gesneriad Society

Gesneriaceae Wikipedia Entry

Chrysothemis pulchella Wikipedia Entry

Saintpaulia Wikipedia Entry

Episcia Wikipedia Entry

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Friday, 10 May 2013

Serendipity strikes at the Vailima Botanical Garden

Serendipity strikes at the Vailima Botanical Garden

Entrance to the Vailima Botanical Garden

On a recent weekend I decided to go down to Mulinu’u Peninsular to take some photographs of some plants and landmarks (I will be posting the photos in a number of posts later on). Afterwards I decided to go on for a drive on the East Coast Road and take some photos. However, I had this strong feeling of unease about going and just after the bridge at Letogo I decided to listen to my intuition and turned around opting to go up to the Vailima Botanical Garden instead and maybe up to Tiavi also.

When I got to the Vailima Botanical Gardens there were two cars and a motorcycle parked in the small parking lot and not a soul to be seen. I took a couple photos of some Ixora that were in the parking lot and made my way through the main entrance although to be honest I was already disappointed as for a botanical garden what I could see through the chain link fence was pretty dismal.

Ixora (flower buds)

No doubt Cyclone Evan is in part to blame but there really was not much to be seen. There seemed to be some effort to make paths and beds but there was not much growing so I moved along up to where the path to the Pool of Apaula’s Tears and the start of the trail known as O le ala o le alofa which is usually translated as the Road of loving Hearts although as with Robert Louis Stevenson's Samoan name Tusitala being translated as Teller of Tales I have serious issues about the accuracy of the translation but will address that in my blog "The Blood of Souls" which is about language, etymology and translation since this blog is about plants and critters.

Ixora

Since there are two ways to get to the top (short and steep or long and gradual) I am not sure which one is the original trail cut by those bearing Stevenson’s body up to his final resting place.

I know from previous visits that often there are quite a lot of nice plants that flower along the trails in ideal locations for photographs. That is no rubbish or other human detritus to detract from the photos. But as I approached the start of the trail I saw a sign advising that the trails were closed due to damage by Cyclon Evan and any entry was at your own risk.

Aside from the questionable legal ethics and issues inherent in an official notice stating that the trail is closed and then leaving it open to people to take at their own risk ... I decided that I did not really feel like scrabbling over fallen trees and missing bits of trail especially in jandals with my camera.
Instead I decided to go to the pool and take some photos for a post I want to write for another blog as well as some other writing projects. But again I was thwarted this time by the sound of laughter and splashing and the realisation that some people were no doubt having a Sunday swim. As I did not feel like dealing with people and have never been comfortable taking photos when people are around staring at me I decided that the whole trip had been a bust and that I would do better to come during a week day when the only likely visitors would be tourists if anyone is there at all.